Sunday, October 06, 2019

Was Nagarjuna distilling potatoes?


It appears to me that Nagarjuna distilled his version of "The Middle Way" teachings primarily from the family of Prajna Paramita Sutras, but also from other sutras.  However, in his distillery Nagarjuna was working with certain extractions and not others in order to come up with his liqueur of 100% essence of emptiness.  This was like taking potatoes and distilling vodka from them then saying that vodka is the essence or spirit of potatoes.  In a manner of speaking it is true, that emptiness can be distilled from the Buddha's Dharma of teaching and practice and called its "spirit", but by making too much of Nagarjuna's distilled emptiness teaching one can become intoxicated, if not habitually intoxicated,  in the way of drinking too much of the spirits of potatoes.

Understanding this problem is why it is important for the follower of the Buddha Dharma (i.e., a Buddhist) to read the Prajna Paramita Sutras for oneself, not to rely on Nagarjuna's distillation.  One of the most obtainable English translations of the Prajna Paramita Sutra in 25,000 lines is the translation by Edward Conze titled "The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom." In this Sutra, "emptiness" is virtually never mentioned by itself, but is virtually always discussed either with "signlessness and desirelessness" (the other two gates of the three gates of liberation and nirvana) or with Suchness.

For instance, in Conze's translation (pp. 530-531):

Subhuti: One speaks of 'enlightenment'. Of what is that a synonym?
The Lord: 'Enlightenment', that is a synonym of emptiness, of Suchness, of the Reality-limit, of the Dharma-element.  Moreover enlightenment is Suchness, nonfalsehood, unaltered Suchness, unaltered existence, therefore it is called 'enlightenment'. Moreover 'enlightenment'is a mere word and sign, therefore it is called 'enlightenment'. Moreover 'enlightenment' means an undifferentiated object.  Moreover because the Buddhas, the Lords have it, therefore is it called 'enlightenment'.  Moreover the Buddhas and Lords have fully known it, therefore it is called 'enlightenment'.


Notes on translations:  
"Lord" = not a mundane ruler, but an epithet of the Buddha, bhagavat/bhagavan, "the Illustrious One" or "the World Honored One."
"Reality-limit: = bhutakoti, also "edge of relality," "the highest culminating point for all beings," etc.
"Dharma-element" = dharmadhatu, the essence of Dharma, the Dharma-stratum, the Dharma-sphere, the Dharma-realm, the Dharma-domain, the Dharma-field, etc. i.e., the totality of the universe when perceived as unconditioned by duality.
"Unaltered existence" = the conjunction ananyathabhava can be either unaltered existence ananyatha-bhava (bhava = existence) or unaltered non-existence ananyatha-abhava (abhava = nonexistence), can also be translated as "non-different-being-as-it-is".


So from this extract, we can easily see that distilling the Prajna Paramita view of enlightenment down to just "emptiness" is a rather arbitrary and capricious process.  Emptiness and Suchness are synonyms along with the Dharma-realm, the Reality-limit, nonfalsehood, non-different-being-as-it is, etc., i.e. the full potato.  

Here's another instance (pp. 527-528):

Subhuti: For what reason has the knowledge of all modes no own-being?
The Lord:  It has no own-being acting in causal connection. And that which has no own-being acting in causal connection, that is nonexistence. It is by this method that all dharmas have nonexistence for own-being. Moreover, Subhuti, all dharmas have emptiness for own-being, the signless, the wishless.  Moreover, Subhuti, all dharmas have Suchness for own-being, the Reality limit, the Dharma element. By this method also, Subhuti, should one know that all dharmas have nonexistence for own-being.

Here we see emptiness conjoined as usual with signlessness and desirelessness making the three gates of liberation and Nirvana. So when Nagarjuna extracts emptiness from the triune Dharma food group, he is leaching out certain vitamins and nutrients of the teaching.  By not acknowledging on an equal basis that Suchness, with its Dharma food group of Reality limit and Dharma-realm, is as much a basis of own-being as emptiness, Nagarjuna again is presenting a framework for The Middle Way that is distorted, if not down-right perverted.

I admit that I have not studied Nagarjuna very much, and I am relying on how the Madhyamaka school has developed based on Nagarjuna's teachings.  If someone has experience with Nagarjuna studies and can let me know how Madhyamaka has not followed Nagarjuna and has misrepresented Nagarjuna, then I would be most appreciative and change my view accordingly. 

For now I will say, "Eat the potatoes; don't rely on the vodka for sustenance."

~ Dedicated to Jim Wilson, another Nagarjuna skeptic and kalyanamitra good friend of the Way..

1 comment:

Anders Honoré said...

If you are only taking the MMK as 'Nagarjuna' you will probably end up with a one-sided view. The MMK are basically a conversion treatise - Written based purely on agamic sutras, primarily in dialogue with the abidharmic early Buddhist schools (though it also tackles views of other classical Indian schools) and uses emptiness to refute their notions of existent dharmas and establish the Mahayana as the superior school at the end of it.

He's written many other works of course. Most significantly, his commentary on the perfection of wisdom sutra, an exhaustive encyclopedia of Mahayana from a classical Madhyamika perspective, which had profound influence on people such as Fazang, Zhiyi and Dogen. And of course Kumarajiva who translated it, and Sanlun patriarchs such as Zengzhao and Jizang. Lamotte translate the first few thousand pages of it (and from there translated to English) - they should be online somewhere. Bikshu Dharmamitra has been working for decades on a full translation. Not sure of current status.

And there, you will find plenty of mentions of Suchness, the three gates, the ways to obtain Prajnaparamita, along with pretty much any topic addressed in Buddhism at the time. Unlike the MMK, the upadesha is written in a more fluent ordinary language, with plenty of similes, stories and a good serving of humour interspersed as well.

For a fuller appreciation of Madhyamika as a living tradition, I'd recommend checking out guys like Sengzhao and Jizang. There is a distinct difference to me between east-asian madhyamika, which was its own full-fledged practise tradition (which a lot of the tang dynasty chan masters also took great inspiration from) and the Madhyamika ususally presented to western audiences, which is generally received through the Tibetan tradition as a dialectic analytical tool (mostly through the lens of Tsongkapa's reading of Candrakirti in the 15th century), with the actual methods, lineage and practise tradition handed over to various non-madhyamika traditions.
In contrast, Candrakriti never really made a splash in China. Mostly owing to the fact that by his time, Chinese Madhyamika had been alive and well for over 200 years and had different concerns than the linguistic and logical focus Indian Madhyamika had developed in the interrim.